Elementary General Thermodynamics

M.V. Sussman, "Elementary General Thermodynamics"
Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc | 1972 | ISBN: 0201073587 | 444 pages | Djvu | 5,8 mb
CONTENTS
Symbols Used in This Book xvii
Section 1 Introduction
1 Introduction 2
2 Temperature and the zeroth law 3
Section 2 Energy Conservation: the First Law of Thermodynamics
1 Energy forms 8
2 Accumulated energy 8
3 Transitory energy forms 11
4 Graphical representation of work 17
5 Reversible work processes 18
6 Efficiency 19
7 Reversible expansion and compression 19
8 Equivalence of all energy forms 21
9 Equivalence of heat and work energy 21
10 Equivalence of mass and energy 23
11 System 23
12 Surroundings 25
13 First law or the conservation of energy 27
14 The sign convention 28
15 Accumulated internal energy and the thermodynamic state 29
16 U: a state property 30
17 Enthalpy 33
18 General procedure for analyzing problems 35
19 Specific heat 37
20 Phase change 41
21 Ideal gas 42
22 Reversible work: ideal-gas systems 44
23 Exact and inexact differentials; thermodynamic surfaces . 50
24 Exact and inexact differentials: some mathematical characteristics . 53
25 Cyclical process 56
26 Steam: a nonideal gas 56
27 Application of the first law to irreversible processes: the free expansion
process 61
28 The infinitesimal free expansion process 62
29 Flow processes: open systems 63
30 Steady-flow processes 65
31 Frictionless, reversible steady-flow processes 66
32 Engineering applications 67
33 Nuclear energy 75
34 Thermochemistry 76
35 Standard enthalpies of formation 79
36 Standard enthalpy of combustion 86
37 Standard enthalpy change for any chemical reaction process at 25°C,
1 atm 91
38 Enthalpy of solution 95
39 Enthalpy of atomization 95
40 Enthalpy change of a chemical process at any temperature 96
41 Adiabatic chemical processes: flame temperatures 100
Section 3 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
1 Work from heat 114
2 The second law of thermodynamics (and spontaneous change) . 114
3 Heat reservoirs 115
4 Reversibility 115
5 Characteristics of reversible and irreversible processes 116
6 Converting heat into work: noncyclical process 117
7 Converting heat into work: Carnot cycle 118
8 Thermal efficiency of a heat engine 121
9 Refrigeration cycle 121
10 Maximum thermal efficiency 123
11 Temperature and the efficiency of a reversible engine 125
12 The thermodynamic temperature scale . 126
13 Entropy 128
14 Entropy and integrating factors 131
15 Computing changes in entropy 132
16 Temperature-entropy diagram: Carnot cycle 136
17 Free expansion: entropy increase for an irreversible process . 137
18 Other irreversible processes 138
19 Entropy change during chemical reactions . 140
20 Entropy of phase change 141

21 Trouton's law 141

22 Third law of thermodynamics: absolute entropy 141
23 Absolute entropy and molecular structure 142
24 Work functions 142
25 Gibbs free energy 143
26 dG for any system 144
27 Applications of free-energy equations 145
28 Effect of total pressure on vapor pressure: the Poynting effect 149
29 The Helmholtz function 150
30 Equilibrium and spontaneous change 151
31 Work functions and equilibrium 154
32 Equilibrium criteria for systems that do work other than expansion
work 156
33 Carnot engine and the measurement of available work energy 157
34 Supplementary remarks on reversible work, energy and entropy
change, lost work, and the Clausius inequality 158
Section 4 Power and Refrigeration Cycles
1 Gasoline engines: the Otto cycle 168
2 The Diesel engine cycle 170
3 Steam engines: the Rankine cycle 171
4 Gas turbine: the Joule cycle 174
5 Refrigeration cycles 176
6 Properties of refrigerants 176
7 Vapor-compression cycle 177
8 Air conditioners and heat pumps 178
9 Absorption refrigeration 179
10 Steam jet refrigeration 181
11 Air liquefaction 181
Section 5 Statistical Thermodynamics
1 Connecting the microscopic and macroscopic 188
2 Allowed energies 188
3 Multiparticle quantum states 191
4 Additional hypothesis 195
5 Maximizing uncertainty 195
6 Partition functions 199
7 Changing 0 and \jj 200
8 The nature of 0 200
9 Negative temperatures 204
10 Probability and partition function for single-particle quantum states. 204
11 N-particle partition function from single-particle partition functions . 205
12 Reversible work 207
13 Work and heat 209
14 Entropy 210
15 The meaning of entropy 211
16 The Clausius inequality 211
17 Increase in entropy when heat is added to a system 212
18 Maxwell's distribution 213
19 Other distributions: open systems 215

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